Аннотация
В обзоре представлены сведения о тучных клетках (мастоцитах), которые присутствуют в ЦНС у различных представителей млекопитающих, птиц, пресмыкающихся, земноводных и рыб. Подробно рассмотрено их распределение в мозге различных видов животных. У млекопитающих они располагаются чаще всего в сосудистом сплетении, мозговых оболочках, таламусе, медиальном ядре поводка, гипоталамусе и циркумвентрикулярных органах, причём, как правило, в непосредственной близости от сосудов и часто вблизи ликвороносных пространств. Количество их непостоянно и меняется в ходе постнатального онтогенеза и под действием гормональных и иммунных факторов. Описаны различные способы выброса медиаторов из цитоплазматических гранул мастоцитов, которые обеспечивают точечное или диффузное действие на окружающие клетки. Тучные клетки обладают большим числом рецепторов к иммуноглобулинам, многим нейромедиаторам и гормонам, что делает их высокочувствительными к изменениям внешней и внутренней среды организма. Множество медиаторов, содержащихся в мастоцитах, позволяют им вызывать воспалительный, противовоспалительный, иммуно-, васкуло-, глиоцито- и/или нейрономодулирующий эффект, интенсивность и направленность которого зависит от состава и количества экскретируемых медиаторов и способа их выброса, что, в свою очередь зависит от того, какие именно рецепторы на тучных клетках активируются. Тучные клетки контролируют проницаемость гемато-энцефалического и гемато-ликворного барьеров, участвуют в ангиогенезе и, совместно с глиальными клетками, участвуют в регуляции нейровоспаления (которое является ведущим фактором патогенеза ряда нервных и психических заболеваний) и защите ЦНС от патогенных факторов. Тучные клетки мозга играют роль нейроиммунных центров с афферентными и эфферентными функциями, которые связывают периферические органы со специализированными клетками ЦНС и активно участвуют в поддержании гомеостаза ЦНС в физиологических условиях и при действии патологических факторов.
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