Аннотация
Понимание молекулярных механизмов созревания ооцита, равно как и раннего эмбрионального развития, имеет фундаментальное значение не только для эмбриологии, но и для медицинской биологии. Однако трудности экспериментальных исследований этого круга проблем у млекопитающих, тем более у человека – очевидны. Также хорошо известно, что многие ключевые процессы и механизмы оогенеза – раннего эмбриогенеза весьма эволюционно консервативны. Они могут быть отслежены с уровня наиболее исследованных модельных беспозвоночных, таких как дрозофила D. melanogaster и круглый червь C. elegans, до млекопитающих и человека. В этом обзоре мы на примере этих модельных беспозвоночных, в сравнении с модельными позвоночными, обсудим консерватизм таких ключевых процессов и механизмов как: (1) Транспорт/локализация мРНК молекулярными моторами; (2) Кальциевая волна; (3) Транспорт/локализация молекул токами цитоплазмы; (4) Сегрегация молекул-детерминант протеиновыми сетями PAR; (5) Сегрегация молекул-детерминант актиновыми филаментами и миозинами. Самая общая проблема этой области – как организуются, и реорганизуются цитоскелетные структуры и протеиновые сети, и как они при этом взаимодействуют с кальциевыми волнами, с токами цитоплазмы и с активным транспортом молекулярными моторами.
Важно, что эти консервативные процессы взаимодействуют друг с другом, и способы и механизмы их взаимодействия также имеют тенденцию быть консервативными. Так, транспорт детерминант развития моторами по цитоскелету взаимосвязан практически со всеми остальными процессами. Существенно и то, что эти процессы и механизмы также имеют тенденцию составлять консервативные сценарии. Так, прототипический сценарий кальциевая волна → реорганизация актимиозинового цитоскелета → генерация цитоплазматических токов прослеживается вплоть до млекопитающих и человека, и его легче изучать в деталях на моделях. Наконец, многие из рассматриваемых консервативных компонентов оказываются вовлеченными в патологические процессы, включая онкологию. Так, гены и кодируемые ими факторы сети PAR, ключевые для механизмов клеточной поляризации, охарактеризованы как онкогены / онкофакторы для ряда модельных объектов.
Анализ масштабных исследований процессов и механизмов раннего развития модельных организмов поднимает ряд общеэволюционных вопросов, обсуждаемых в заключение этого обзора.
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