Аннотация
Осмотическая хрупкость или резистентность эритроцитов (osmotic fragility) – параметр, отражающий способность клеток противостоять изменению осмотического градиента. Нарушения этой характеристики связаны с различными патологиями, включая гемолитические анемии, злокачественные новообразования, сердечно-сосудистые заболевания. Осмотическая резистентность может варьироваться у различных видов животных и тесно связана с экосистемой. Разработан метод определения осмотической резистентности с применением лазерного анализатора дисперсных частиц, который позволяет регистрировать изменения концентрации клеток в кинетическом режиме при постоянной температуре. Исследуемые с его помощью виды включают Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus domestica, Coturnix japonica domestica, Rana ridibunda, Carassius carassius и Lampetra fluviatilis. Метод предложен в двух вариантах: (1) добавки воды осуществляются вручную (мануальный), (2) среда разбавляется автоматически (автоматический). В качестве характеристики осмотической резистентности использованы параметры: H50 (осмоляльность, при которой лизирует половина подверженных лизису клеток), H90 (90-процентный лизис) и W (гетерогенность популяции по степени устойчивости к лизису). Результаты, полученные с использованием разработанного метода, статистически значимо не отличаются от результатов спектрофотометрии и проточной цитометрии по параметрам H50 и W. Между результатами автоматического и мануального методов значимых различий так же не обнаружено. Эритроциты водных и околоводных животных существенно более устойчивы к гипоосмотическому лизису. Среди всех исследованных видов наиболее устойчивы к лизису оказались эритроциты амфибий (Rana ridibunda) и миног (Lampetra fluviatilis). Наибольшая гетерогенность по степени устойчивости обнаружена у амфибий (разница в 2 раза в сравнении со всеми прочими рассмотренными таксонами). Эритроциты млекопитающих (человека и крысы) схожи по уровню резистентности, менее однородны по степени устойчивости. Половинный лизис эритроцитов птиц наблюдается при большей осмоляльности, чем у эритроцитов млекопитающих. Эритроциты птиц (Coturnix japonica domestica), однако, лизируют в значительно большем осмотическом диапазоне и содержат популяцию невосприимчивых к гипоосмотическому лизису клеток. Полученные данные показали, что эритроциты пресноводных низших позвоночных более осмотически устойчивы, чем эритроциты высших, что, вероятно, объясняется особенностями эмбриогенеза, экто-/эндотермностью и средой обитания.
Литература
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