Аннотация
Почечный клубочек – уникальная структура, отличающая нефроны позвоночных от нефридиев беспозвоночных животных, обеспечивающая непосредственную связь кровеносной и выделительной систем и наиболее эффективный контроль состава внутренней среды за счет значительной интенсификации фильтрации. Рассмотрены современные представления о структуре гломерулярного фильтра у представителей всех основных групп позвоночных животных (круглоротые, рыбы, амфибии, рептилии и птицы, млекопитающие). Сделан акцент на роли заряда структур гломерулярного барьера для его селективных свойств, описаны подходы к изучению вклада анионных компонентов клубочка в предотвращение потери белков плазмы крови. Рассмотрены представленные в литературе основные модели работы гломерулярного фильтра. Продемонстрировано, что отрицательный заряд является отличительной чертой гломерулярного фильтра у всех позвоночных. Показано, что многократный рост скорости клубочковой фильтрации (от низших позвоночных к птицам и млекопитающим) сопровождался рядом структурных изменений, обеспечивающих прохождение значительного объема воды и растворенных низкомолекулярных веществ через гломерулярный фильтр: увеличение числа и упорядоченности фенестр в эндотелии гломерулярных капилляров, утончение гломерулярной базальной мембраны и полное исключение из нее клеточных элементов. Данные проведенного сравнительно-физиологического анализа гломерулярного барьера у разных групп позвоночных в наибольшей степени свидетельствуют о справедливости электрокинетической модели работы фильтра, так как именно она объясняет важность эволюционно консервативной структуры подоцитов и роль совокупности фиксированных отрицательных зарядов в стенке гломерулярного фильтра для предотвращения потери макромолекул (прежде всего белков) из крови при различной интенсивности ультрафильтрации.
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