Аннотация
В статье анализируются данные литературы, посвященные роли молекулярных обонятельных рецепторов и цАМФ в формировании топографической организации обонятельной сенсорной системы. Сенсорная информация до передачи ее в мозг организована уже в периферическом отделе по принципу "один нейрон - один рецептор", распространяющийся и на гломерулы в обонятельной луковице (ОЛ), которые подчиняются закону «одна гломерула — один рецептор». В настоящее время важную роль в формировании сенсорной карты стали приписывать обонятельным рецепторам, играющим двойную роль в организации обонятельной системы, поскольку локализуются как в обонятельных жгутиках, так и в мембране конуса роста аксона одного и того же обонятельного сенсорного нейрона (ОСН), и определяют мишени для аксонов ОСН в ОЛ. Вместе с тем существуют убедительные доказательства центральной роли внутриклеточной сигнальной системы цАМФ в развитии сенсорной карты. Методом генетической мутации с отменой синтеза цАМФ выявили, что аксоны, несущие эту мутацию, никогда не проникают в гломерулярный слой, а остаются в слое обонятельного нерва. При этом аксоны ОСН нацеливаются на ОЛ, но не могут сформировать отчетливые и четко определенные гломерулы, многие из которых становятся гетерогенными, поскольку содержат волокна, принадлежащие ОСН, экспрессирующим обонятельные рецепторы к разным одорантам. Таким образом, цАМФ, синтезируемый в кончике аксона ОСН, под действием сигналов из ОЛ регулирует экспрессию молекул его навигации к своей мишени в ОЛ, а также образует интрабульбарные химические и электрические синапсы, формируя нейронные цепи. Многочисленные клинические и экспериментальные данные позволили заключить, что патогенетические механизмы развития некоторых психиатрических заболеваний связаны с нарушением регуляции цАМФ.
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