Аннотация
Гипоталамус является важнейшим интегратором функций эндокринной, автономной, соматической нервной системы, участвует в регуляции ритмических процессов и, предположительно, в программировании процессов старения. К числу гипоталамических ядер, ответственных за реализацию программы старения, предположительно относят супрахиазмальное ядро и срединную группу ядер, включая аркуатное, вентромедиальное и дорсомедиальное ядра. Процесс старения в гипоталамусе сопровождается нарушением баланса возбуждение/торможение за счет дисрегуляции ГАМК-ергической системы, уменьшением частоты импульсации нейронов, нарушением обмена кальция, увеличением продукции оксида азота, снижением аутофагии, нарушением процессов внутриклеточного сигналинга, в частности Sirt1, mTOR, NF-κB, AMPK, P53, FoxO. Также важная роль в гипоталамическом старении принадлежит таницитам, что выражается в нарушении их связи с нейронами и барьерной функции. Стволовые клетки гипоталамуса, расположенные преимущественно в области срединной группы ядер, выделяют экзосомальные миРНК, которые также ответственны за антивозрастные эффекты этих клеток. При этом количество самих стволовых гипоталамических клеток и экзосомальных миРНК уменьшается по мере старения.
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